The long-awaited FDA regulation for labeling a product “gluten free,” released last summer, goes into effect on August 5, 2014. Before this, the defintion for "gluten free" was arbitrary unless a product carried a trustworthy third-party seal. And now, though the 20 parts per million (ppm) standard is welcome clarification for GF eaters and manufacturers, it’s also not quite as simple as it might first appear.
At Natural Products Expo West 2014, Cynthia Kupper, RD, executive director of the Gluten Intolerance Group, detailed some of the ruling’s nuances.
What does gluten-free technically mean?
CK: Gluten free means [that something contains] no wheat, rye, barley or hybrids of these grains: spelt, kamut, triticale, farro, and things like that. Those grains, even though they may be ancient grains, still contain gluten and are from the wheat family, so they cannot be labeled gluten free (GF).
But it’s not quite that simple: GF also involves knowing ingredients and dealing with contamination issues.
The Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), which is a law, requires [products] to label the top 8 allergens and any processing ingredients used to make those products, [but] it does not take into consideration cross-contamination. The GF regulation—and it’s a regulation instead of a law, because it’s voluntary—does take into consideration cross-contamination. So stores need to consider cross-contamination issues as well.
What are the basic tenets of the new FDA gluten-free regulation?
CK: Again, this is a voluntary regulation, so if [a product] is labeled GF, it must now comply with these regulations.
1. The [FDA’s gluten-free] definition is gluten below 20ppm, not 20ppm or less.
2. A food that bears a GF claim cannot contain a grain that is derived from gluten. So again, that is wheat, rye, barley, kamut and those hybrids.
What about products with ingredients that used to contain gluten?
CK: A product that claims [to be] GF cannot be derived from an ingredient that contains gluten, unless [that ingredient] has been processed to remove the gluten.
Malt, for example, is a hot topic right now. If malt is derived from barley and has not processed to remove the protein from that grain, it cannot be used in a GF product. However, if malt has been processed to remove the gluten—and there are ways to process malt to remove the gluten—it can be used in a GF product as long as the product is under 20ppm.
What would misbranding look like?
CK: A food would be considered misbranded if it makes claims similar to “no gluten, made with GF ingredients, made without gluten”; that is the same as saying it’s gluten free. So if products make those claims they have to follow this regulation.
You will find that some companies will choose to change the wording on their packages. [Recently] I was sent a picture of a package of bread from a Texas company that says it is “low gluten bread.” Basically they used all gluten-free ingredients; however, they have a disclaimer that says, “we didn’t clean up our manufacturing plant so we’re not going to guarantee it for cross-contamination.” Because they call it “low gluten,” it falls outside of this regulation, and they get away with it!
So it’s going to get really kind of messy.
How does the new FDA ruling work with FALCPA?
CK: [Take the case of] a food that includes something, such as wheat starch, that has been processed to remove gluten. [A food manufacturer] can get wheat starch that is gluten-free,and can put it into a GF product that tests under 20ppm, and that wheat starch is perfectly legal and acceptable in a GF product.
[But] then the product also has to add a disclaimer that says this wheat has been processed to remove the gluten; and the product now also has to have a “contains” statement [because] the FALCPA law says you have to label allergens!
So we will see products that have an ingredient, [such as] wheat starch, and it will have a “contains wheat” statement on the package, and it will still be gluten free. This is going to be very confusing to shoppers.
Who monitors compliance with the gluten-free labeling?
CK: A lot people think that companies are required to test their products for gluten, and they are not. The FDA does not mandate that [manufacturers] test products for gluten content. But if [a company] makes that claim that its product is under 20ppm they’d better be able to back it up.
[The Gluten Intolerance Group] runs a certification program, and we know that the FDA and USDA inspectors are already asking companies, “show me your documentation that says it’s gluten free.” They’re asking to see testing results even though testing is not required.
The other important thing is the FDA says that if you make a GF claim and you are certified by a third-party agency such as ours, you have to meet the strictest standard that you are required to meet. In our program the standard is 10ppm or less, so if a company carries a certification from us the FDA will hold them to the 10ppm, not the less than 20ppm [standard].
What products are covered by the regulation?
CK: This regulation only applies to FDA-regulated products [foods other than meat and poultry].
The USDA has said that they will voluntarily encourage people to comply with the FDA gluten-free regulation, but there is no official stance; they have not said companies must comply with FALCPA or the GF labeling. So with meat products, you need to be very careful that you know how the company is determining gluten-free and if they’re following the GF regulation.
What about wine and alcohol?
CK: The TTB, which regulates alcohol, has said they’re going to look at the FDA regulation and they’re going to try to follow it. However, there are some areas that are kind of confusing right now; the FDA is still working on them so they’ve got interim rulings for what can and cannot be labeled GF for alcohol.
So basically at this time TTB says if [a product] is made from a naturally GF grain, it can make the GF claim. If it is made from a grain that contains gluten that has not been processed before it is put it into the alcohol process, it cannot be labeled GF and cannot [say] that it is gluten free [just] because it is under so many parts per million.
